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1.Reverse Circulation
Rotary drilling reverse circulation ( either using drilling mud and / or compressed air or gas) can be a useful alternative to direct circulation methods. The reverse circulation technique is particularly useful for drilling relatively shallowlarge diameter boreholes. In a typical reverse circulation operation utilizing drilling mud,the drilling mud ( or treated water) flows from the slush pump ( or mud pump) to the top of the annulus between the outside of the drill string and the inside the borehole, down the annulus space to the bottom of the borehole. At the bottom of the borehole the drilling mud entrains the rock bit cuttings and flows through the large orifice in the drill bit and then upward to the surface through the inside of the drill string. At the surface the cuttings are removed from the drilling mud by the shale shaker and the drilling mud is returned to the mud tanks.Figure 14. 5 Dual tube ( or dual drill pipe) closed reverse circulation operationReverse circulation can also be carried out using air and gas drilling techniques. Figure 14. 5 shows a typical application of reverse circulation using compressed air as the drilling fluid ( or mist,unstable foam) . This example is a dual tube ( or dual drill pipe ) closed reverse circulation system. The closed system is characterized by an annulus space bounded by the inside of the outer tube and the outside of the innertube. This is a specialized type of reverse circulation and is usually limited to small single and double drilling rigs with top head rotary drives. Dual tube and dual drill pipe are available from a number of manufacturers in the United States and elsewhere in world.Reverse circulation drilling operations requi

2. Urgently seeking foreign literature on logistics, preferably on agricultural product logistics!
Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Inf

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